Business ratios and formulas a comprehensive guide Essay

Net revenue of the organization shows how much the benefit after-charge benefit made by a business for each $1 created in income or deals (Bragg, 2008). A higher net revenue is better in contrast with that of its rivals. In 2011 and 2012, Tesco was increasingly productive followed by Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC. Be that as it may, in 2013, Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC was progressively productive followed by Sainsbury.Roce This money related proportion quantifies the gainfulness and proficiency of an organization with which its capital is utilized (Bragg, 2008). In 2011, Tesco was more beneficial than Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC and Sainsbury. The next year, it was overwhelmed by Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC while Sainsbury remained the least productive. In year 2013, Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC was the most gainful organization followed by Sainsbury. Profit for Equity †ROE  Return on value shows how much benefit a firm earned contrasted with the aggregate sum of investor value as contained in a critical position sheet (Horrigan, 2010). In 2011, Tesco made a higher benefit than Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC and Sainsbury. It was Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC . in year 2012 Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC and Sainsbury announced a higher benefit contrasted with the earlier year while Tesco diminished it productivity. Be that as it may, the three organizations announced lower benefit in 2013 than in 2011 and 2012. Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC was increasingly productive followed by Sainsbury in 2013. Net Profit Margin  It is utilized to evaluate company’s budgetary wellbeing by demonstrating the extent of cash that is left over from deals income subsequent to deducting the expense of products sold. It shows the budgetary soundness of an organization (Jenkinson, 2011). In 2011, Tesco had the most elevated money related wellbeing followed by Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC. In year 2012, all the three organizations announced lower net revenue. Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC and Sainsbury have had a steady gross benefit margin.Net resource turnover This is a budgetary estimation proposed to gauge how an organization transforms its advantages into income (Horrigan, 2010). In 2011, Sainsbury was the most effective organization in transforming resources into income contrasted with Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC and Tesco. Tesco was played out the least in transforming resources into income. In 2012, all the three organizations had a lower net resource turnover with Sainsbury having the higher proportion followed by Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC. In 2013, Tesco and Sainsbury expanded their proportion while Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC’s proportion diminished. Sainsbury still had the most noteworthy proportion followed by Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC.Efficiency and viability Ratios Resource turnover proportion  This is a proportion of a firm’s deals to its benefits. It is an effectiveness proportion that shows how effectively an organization utilizes its resources for create income. An examination of benefit turnover proportion for the three organizations shows that in 2011 Sainsbury was the most productive organization followed by Tesco in transforming resources into income. In 2012, Tesco demonstrated a diminishing in proficiency which the other two organizations expanded they’re effective. All the three organizations expanded their productivity in utilizing resources for create deals with Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC having the most noteworthy proportion followed by Sainsbury (Jenkinson, 2011). The debtor’s day’s proportion  It is a proportion of how rapidly money is gathered from indebted individuals. Various periods are looked at for a similar organization since it is less important since results to a great extent rely upon the idea of the business. Tesco is the most proficient organization in gathering money. Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC and Sainsbury have likewise been diminishing the quantity of days with Tesco having a lower assortment period (Novak, 2009). Provider credit days This shows the quantity of days that an organization takes to pay its providers (Novack, 2009). In 2011 and 2012, the quantities of days for Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC and Sainsbury has been expanding which can be an indication of monetary difficulty or increment certainty of providers on the organization. Tesco has a high proportion which could be an indication of a money related emergency. Stock holding period  It alludes to the period between the acquisition of an item and its deal. There is a general reduction in the stock holding time frame for the three organizations demonstrating an improvement in venture execution. Sainsbury have the most noteworthy holding time frame followed by Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC (Palmer, 2013). Liquidity and capital ratiosQuick Ratio  This decides whether the organization has assets to pay its momentary liabilities with its fluid resources. The investigation shows that Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC has the most noteworthy capacity to pay its momentary obligation followed by Sainsbury (Peles, 2008). Snappy proportion  It quantifies how an organization can utilize its close to money or brisk resources for resign its present liabilities right away. Examination shows that Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC has the most noteworthy capacity to change over its close to trade things into money out request to pay the obligation followed by Sainsbury.Gearing ratiosDebt/value proportion It shows how an organization funds its development. Sainsbury has the most elevated obligation in its capital structure contrasted with Tesco and Morrison. Tesco has the least obligation proportion (Peles, 2008). Times intrigue secured  This proportion is a proportion of number of times a business can make the premium installments with its profit on its obligation before intrigue and charges. Morrison has the most reduced chance of insolvency followed by Sainsbury. Capital outfitting proportion  It estimates money related quality of an organization. Tesco is a high unsafe speculation to speculators. In 2013, Morrison was second after Tesco as far as danger. Speculators expect an exceptional yield later on in Sainsbury contrasted with Morrison and in Tesco. Profit yield  It shows how much an organization pays out the investors in isolated comparative with share cost. Sainsbury have the most elevated profit yield indicating that financial specialists get a ton of assets for putting resources into Sainsbury. At the point when offer cost expands, shares with high profit yield procure more money. Financial specialists who need money lean toward putting resources into shares that have high profit yield. Profit spread  This shows the occasions profits of an organization paid to investors can be paid out of yearly benefits after assessment. It means that the likelihood which shows that profits can be kept up later on. In 2013, Morrison had the most noteworthy gap spread followed by Sainsbury (Shimerda, 2011).Corporate system Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC can expand its gainfulness by utilizing Tesco as a benchmark for its tasks. This is on the grounds that Tesco has a higher net revenue and Return on capital utilized. Morrison’s Supermarkets PLC has not been adequately in productively using their benefits in creating more income. It ought to guarantee that acquisitions are appealing and that they help the organization increment its arrival. It ought to likewise guarantee that they produce better items and administrations so as to battle rivalry. A few resources ought to likewise be sold. Morrisons Supermarkets PLC ought to likewise decrease the measure of obligation from their capital structure. This is on the grounds that it positions second after Tesco regarding capital outfitting proportion. Debtor’s assortment period ought to be decreased to a base. References Bragg, S. M. (2008). Business proportions and recipes a far reaching guide. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Horrigan, J. O. (2010). Money related proportion investigation: a verifiable point of view. New York: Arno Press. Jenkinson, N. H. (2011). Venture, productivity and the valuation proportion. London: Economics Division, Bank of England. Novack, D. E. (2009). Liquidity Ratios And Recent British Monetary Experience. The Journal of Finance, 13(4), 510-526. Palmer, J. E. (2013). Money related proportion investigation. New York, N.Y.: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Peles, Y. C., and Schneller, M. I. (2008). Liquidity Ratios and Industry Averages-New Evidence. Math device, 15(1), 13-22. Schmidgall, R. S., and Defranco, A. L. (2009). Proportion Analysis: Financial Benchmarks for the Club Industry. The Journal of Hospitality Financial Management , 12(1), 1-14. Shimerda, T. A. (2011). Budgetary proportions as indicators of benefit. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International. Source report

John Steinbeck Research Paper Example

John Steinbeck Research Paper Example John Steinbeck Paper John Steinbeck Paper Article Topic: East Of Eden John Steinbeck Archie Parks HUM/266 June 17, 2011 Lauren Holmes John Steinbeck John Steinbeck (1902-1968), conceived in Salinas, California, originated from a group of moderate methods. He worked his way through school at Stanford University yet never graduated. In 1925 he went to New York, where he pursued for a couple of years to build up himself as an independent author, yet he fizzled and came back to California (Nobelprize. organization, 2011). Steinbeck didn't have accomplishment with his initial compositions. Tortilla Flat an amusing anecdote about Monterey Paisanos distributed in 1935 turned into his first notable bit of work. Early Influences As a kid growing up Steinbeck was motivated to be an essayist by his mom. Steinbeck’s mother adored books and writing; she was an instructor and his most punctual impact into composing. As Steinbeck got more seasoned he frequently refered to Charles Darwin as the principle impact in his vocation. Charles Darwin fascinated Steinbeck; Steinbeck was stunned in the authenticity and naturalism of Darwin’s work. Steinbeck’s imagination essentially started naturally. He was extremely mindful of his environmental factors and a large number of an amazing occasions just as social circumstances added to setting and plots for his novel. A large portion of his books occurred during the time of the extraordinary melancholy. Creative accomplishment Steinbeck got a kick out of the chance to fuse region environmental factors into his composition. He regularly tried different things with various styles of composing, similar to a play in novel arrangement. He likewise utilized fabular, picaresque, and narrative styles too. Steinbeck frequently expounded on needy individuals and how their lives were changed by their conditions and utilized the format of the land as an aesthetic style too. His gifts as a narrator were top notch. His commitment with the fundamental social issues of his day was deserving of the most noteworthy customs of news coverage. He manufactured a strong, plain exposition style of colossal passionate range. Also, in his significant work, he made a suffering demonstration of societys oppressed, straightforward people standing up to the evil spirits of destitution, brutality and extremism and declining to yield (Kamiya, 1995). What makes Steinbecks style extraordinary is his double utilization of omniscient portrayal joined with a genuine sympathy for his characters. Steinbecks most grounded composing ability is in his utilization of portrayal (Steinbeck, 2011). In the entirety of his books, OMAM included, we truly feel like we know the characters. We are maneuvered into their circumstances that what they suffer and need to survive. The predicament of each character pulls at your heart strings and keeps the peruser on the edge, never needing to stop from the story. Steinbeck attempted to locate a natural methods for articulation for each book that he composed. He believed his work to be test. He purposefully utilized a narrative style for The Grapes of Wrath, the fabular for The Pearl, the picaresque for Tortilla Flat, etc. For the most part he has a place with the fantasy image school of the twenties. Dreams, the oblivious, repeating legends, representative charactersthese characteristics are normal for what Jung called the visionary style. Authenticity, Steinbeck once noted, is the surface structure for his enthusiasm for brain science and theory (Lewis, 2011). Effect on society John Steinbeck was one of not many United States essayists to fiddle with the domain of social issues. He assaulted the issues and made them noticeable in his works. In the grapes of fierceness he took on the downturn and recounted to the account of Oklahoma residents who fled the residue bowl to move to California for work just to wind up exploited and compelled to manage unexpected social and monetary issues. Steinbeck took on mental hindrance, social partialities and socially satisfactory conduct with the character Lennie Small in the novel Of Mice and Men. In one of his last works East of Eden Steinbeck took on Good versus fiendish and in his last composing Travels with Charley Steinbeck expounded on his impressions during a three-month visit in a truck that drove him through forty American states. He kicked the bucket in New York City in 1968. John Steinbeck is one of the twentieth Century’s most noteworthy authors, accepting the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. Steinbecks impact and thoughts on social equity for the monetary underclass of American culture can be plainly found underway of Bob Dylan and others (Woody Guthrie, Billy Brag, Bruce Springsteen and others) (Tuffey, 2004) Closing American author, story author, dramatist, and writer. John Steinbeck got the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. He is best associated with THE GRAPES OF WRATH (1939), a novel broadly viewed as a twentieth century exemplary. The effect of the book has been contrasted with that of Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. Steinbecks epic about the relocation of the Joad family, determined from its bit of land in Oklahoma to California, incited a wide discussion about the hard parcel of transient workers, and assisted with placing a rural change into impact (Liukkonen, 2002). In Researching data for this paper I thought that it was astonishing that not every person saw Steinbeck for the scholarly virtuoso that he was. Numerous individuals disregarded Steinbeck’s works thinking of them as basic. A significant number of his fans don't accept that he got the credit that he was expected and feel that he was disregarded and censured by a few. This creator by and by cherishes the dynamic of each of Steinbeck’s stories. The character stories alongside social issues that were genuine, issues that pulled you in and made you believe is the thing that made Steinbeck champion and a genuine masterful Genius. John Steinbeck kicked the bucket of coronary failure in New York on December 20, 1968. In the after death distributed THE ACTS OF KING ARTHUR AND HIS NOBLE KNIGHTS (1976), Steinbeck walked out on contemporary subjects and enlivened the Arthurian world with its old codes of respect. Steinbeck had begun the work with energy however never completed it (Liukkonen, 2002). Steinbeck has risen above ages and his artistic works engage as much now as they have before. Ultimately I will leave you with these words from The Grapes of Wrath that genuinely show John Steinbeck’s composing Genius. Man, in contrast to some other thing natural or inorganic known to mankind, develops past his work, strolls up in the steps of his ideas, rises in front of his achievements. (from The Grapes of Wrath) . References Kamiya, G. (1995, March 12). John steinbeck a splendid new life story may get Salinas most loved child some over due regard in the artistic world. Recovered from sfgate. com/cgi-receptacle/article. cgi? f=/e/a/1995/03/12/style13230. dtl Lewis, C. (2011, June 16). John Steinbeck (1902-1968). Recovered from http://www9. georgetown. edu/staff/bassr/wellbeing/syllabuild. iguide/steinbec. html Liukkonen, P. (2002). John Steinbeck (1902-1968). Recovered from kjrjasto. sci. fi/johnstei. htm Nobelprize. organization. (2011, June 21). The Nobel Prize in writing 1962 John Steinbeck. Recovered from http://nobelprize. organization/nobel_prizes/writing/1962/steinbeck-bio. html Steinbeck, J. (2011). The Grapes of Wrath. Recovered from enotes. com/grapes-of-fury/creator memoir Tuffey, D. (2004). John steinbeck;s see on close to home morals. Recovered from ict. griffith. edu. au/davidt/steinbeck. htm

Internal Memorandum Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interior Memorandum - Article Example Outline and reaction: Frymovich begins by talking about the present issues looked by the youthful business people and independent ventures in Europe, features the business condition by submitting statistical data points, and afterward investigates the explanations for those issues (Frymovich). As per the article, it is extremely hard for little firms to get credit or financing for their activities (Frymovich), and to get an open market in the EU, in this manner, most of the little firms head towards the U.S. where the laws and approaches are progressively positive and the market all the more tolerating (Frymovich). It is intriguing to take note of that Europe has nearly multiplied the quantity of independently employed specialists (Frymovich), and if every one of those independently employed businessmen were to enlist only one more laborer, a size of new openings would be made (Frymovich). Be that as it may, the greater part of those organizations delay to work in Europe, because of the shortage of investment and heavenly attendant venture, complex government approaches and delayed timespans for government financing (Frymovich), and the absence of acknowledgment of high hazard in the market (Frymovich). The banks in Europe are as yet recuperating from monetary break (Frymovich), and the organizations are ensured by the administration (Frymovich). This implies cutting back and beginning once again are more troublesome in the EU than it is in the U.S. (Frymovich). Though this security can be seen as a wellbeing factor for the representatives in that they can't simply be terminated at impulse, thus their financial steadiness is ensured, this security factor fills in as an obstacle for organizations which have flopped in their endeavor and need to begin again in some other field of business (Frymovich). For instance, by cutting the FICO assessment of a bombed activity, Germany makes it harder for the business to wander into the market once more (Frymovich). In spit e of the fact that there are a few offices working to help the little activities, they

What is the Impact of Drug Abuse on the Health of Teenagers Aged 13-19 in London - Free Essay Example

Literature Review 1.0 Introduction This chapter provides a comprehensive critical literature review of a small number of sources that are considered to be particularly useful in exploring the two key themes of this dissertation. The first of these themes is the impact of drug abuse on the health of the teenagers aged 13-19 in London, while the second is the impact of governmental strategies in tackling drug abuse amongst teenagers aged 13-19 in London. These themes are discussed using the resources selected, and the quality, methodological approach, relevance and ethical and anti-oppressive practices are all part of the critical review. The chapter finishes with a short summary bringing these key ideas together. 1.1 The Impact of Drug Abuse on the Health of Teenagers Aged 13 – 19 in London The first theme investigates the impact of drug abuse on specific aspects of health on teenagers in London. There are two key sources that form the core of this critical review for this theme. Even so, neither of these relate solely to the target population, and in each case some extrapolation of findings is made in order to describe the likely characteristics of 13 – 19 years’ olds in London. The first is source is the case-controlled study carried out by Di Forti et al (2015:1), and briefly discussed in Chapter Two above. Looking more closely at this study, and reviewing it critically, it still remains a useful article, as it focuses on the mental health impacts of cannabis and shows a clear association between the use of the drug in its high potency form (skunk) and psychosis. It might not at first appear that the study is relevant given that it started in 2005. However, it continued recruiting for over 6 years, and amassed a wealth of data on those individuals abusing drugs – specifically high potency and easily available cannabis. The research study used a primary research methodology. For the recruitment of cases, the authors approached all patients (18 – 65 years) with first episode psychosis presenting at the inpatient units of the South London and Maudsley Hospital. They invited people to participate in the study only if they met the International Classification of Diseases 10 criteria for a diagnosis of non-affective (F20–F29) or affective (F30–F33) psychosis, which they validated by administering the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) (Di Forti et al, 2015:2). For the controls, the authors used internet and newspaper adverts and also distributed leaflets on public transport and in shops and job centres. The controls were given the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire and were excluded if they met the criteria for a psychotic disorder. While the two groups only included the last t wo years of the target population group for this study i.e. 18 and 19 year olds, it was a study located in London, and on analysis appeared to indicate a number of characteristics that were felt to be useful for providing information that would also be useful for younger teenagers. All participants (cases and controls) included in the study gave written informed consent under the ethical approval obtained from the Institute of Psychiatry Local Research Ethics Committee. There did not appear to be any unethical practices, but the study had the potential to be oppressive as by the nature of the patients presenting at the clinics, and by the nature of their access to skunk, being more likely to be of certain ethnic groups – especially of black West Indian origin – it could be argued that the study to some extent misrepresented the populations of south west London, and more specifically, the West Indian communities found there. In other words, the inclusion of participa nts from these origins might be likely to give observers an unjust view of the ethnic group or of the population of that area of London as a whole. The method used with the participants was quantitative and involved questionnaire assessments, specifically socioeconomic data and the Cannabis Experience Questionnaire modified version (CEQmv) which included data on history of use of alcohol. tobacco, alcohol, any other use of recreational drugs, and detailed information on cannabis use (i.e. first use age, use duration, frequency of use, type of cannabis used) (Di Forti et al, 2015:2). Between 2005 and 2011, the researchers approached 606 patients of which 145 (24%) refused to participate, therefore 461 patients with first-episode psychosis were recruited. Using a range of statistical tests, and adjusting for a number of variables including the variables for frequency of cannabis use and the type of cannabis used, and in combining these the authors found that controls were more like ly to be occasional users of hash, whilst the frequent users were more likely to be using skunk. They also found, using logistic regression, that those people who had started using cannabis at a younger age had a greater risk of developing psychotic episodes (Di Forti et al, 2015:5). The second resource to be analysed was the study by McCardle (2004). This was a literature review focusing on the impacts of substance abuse by children and young people. Although this did not use primary research, it provided a useful analysis of a number of other studies.   Although the age of this study meant that it might have had limited relevance to teenagers in 2017, in fact the study related directly to the findings of the later Di Forti et al study. This was because McCardle (2004:1) found that cannabis was becoming stronger than it had been in the past – just as Di Forti et al found that skunk use was increasing and that it was of a much higher potency than previously. McCardle (20 04:2) also found that there was a range of mental health issues resulting from the use of cannabis, including an increased risk of suicide, and an increase in aggressive, disassociated behaviours, anxiety, depression and other similar problems (McCardle, 2004:2). Another useful aspect of this research was that it identified the problems of terminology relating to the gathering and analysis of data – so many different terms are used that it is often difficult to ascertain accurate trends and outcomes (McCardle, 2004:3). While it would have been preferred to have used a London based source or one that engaged participants of the target age group though a primary method, the lack of sources of academic literature meant that this study was valuable in that it analysed other studies, and also existing datasets from the UK government. The article also focused on the social impacts of cannabis, for example, looking at the developmental impacts, and the negative effects on education, both of which could lead to poor outcomes in terms of quality of life and attainment in later life. The findings from these two articles provided valid evidence of the relationship between the use of cannabis and mental, emotional, social and physical health of teenagers and young people. Although there was limited focus on the population age target group for the dissertation specifically, both articles provided relevant points of interest, and it is possible to extrapolate from them to state that teenagers in London engaged in cannabis abuse are very likely to be at risk of experiencing the various health effects identified above. 3.2 The Impact of Government Strategies in Tackling Drug Abuse Amongst Teenagers Aged 13-19 in London Finding academic research sources that focused on recent government strategies aimed at the target group based in London was very challenging. For the most recent strategy – the Troubled Families Programme, Lambert and Crossley (2017:1) get to the very heart of the ethical and oppressive practices issue, as they argue that this government strategy is one of a wider spectrum of policies that locates problems within the family itself, and which emphasises behaviour as the target for action irrespective of the socio-economic influences that exist. This is a review study – critically reviewing a strategy – and is very current, as the TFP has recently been revisited by the Government, who are considering an extension, despite evidence that it has not met its targets or expected outcomes. While this article is not based on a piece of primary data, the authors have conducted primary data about this issue through interviews in the very recent past, and the article refe rs to these. They have found that TFP has continued the view of target families as an ‘underclass’, as ‘neighbours from hell’ and as expensive and very difficult to ‘treat’. While the TFP took a holistic approach, using one individual or team to work with families on all of their problems, Lambert and Crossley (2017:4), and others (Bonell et al, 2016) argue that the underlying attitude of the Government and of the strategy meant that its approach was unlikely to succeed. 3.3 Summary This chapter showed that there were clearly associated health impacts with the use of cannabis; some of these impacts were severe, and often included mental illness and behavioural change, especially where high potency cannabis was used. It also showed that despite many years of government strategies and policies, there still does not appear to be a solution that can reduce the use or impacts of cannabis and other drugs. The final chapter provides a reflection on the research undertaken for this dissertation, and provides some brief conclusions and recommendations. CHAPTER FOUR – REFLECTIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.0 Introduction In this final chapter, three tasks are completed. First, a reflective account of the research is undertaken. In research and practice, reflection on a task and outcome is very important because it provides the author with the opportunity to look back and learn from their actions. There are in fact two types of reflection, both of which might be applicable to this work. The first definition is that of ‘reflection’ which is considered to be a ‘process or activity’ that involves thinking and is judged to include cognitive processes of problem finding and problem solving (Leitch and Day, 2000:180). The second type of reflection is that of ‘reflective practice’. This is the use of reflection and reflective skills to transfer learnt knowledge i.e. theories to the application of those theories to the everyday practices of an individual. It has been shown to be very important for individual practitioners as it aids their ability to learn from their ac tions and associated outcomes, and enables them to develop improvements based on experience and theoretical knowledge (White et al, 2016:9). There are two main models of reflection that can be used to support the reflective researcher or the reflective practitioner. These are Kolb’s model of experiential learning (Kolb, 1984) and Gibbs’ reflective cycle (Gibbs, 1988). Gibbs developed his model as a refinement of the earlier Kolb model, and it is Gibbs’ model that is used in this dissertation. Figure 1: Gibbs Model of Reflection (Park and Son, 2011:2) The Gibbs Model provides a researcher with the opportunity to gain a deep understanding of what they have learned (Park and Kastanis, 2009:11) and the strengths and weaknesses of their work, their underlying values, the insufficiency of their approach, and areas of improvement (Park and Son, 2012:3). For these reasons the Gibbs Model will be applied below. 4.1 Reflection on the Process of the Research 4.1.1 The Experience The process of writing the dissertation was both challenging and enjoyable. It was enjoyable because any research activity is one of problem solving and of searching for information, and these two activities can be very satisfying when they result in finding out something new. While primary research is often seen as the most valid form of activity, in fact secondary research, based as it is on the gathering of existing data, and the synthesis of that data to suggest new outcomes or findings, can be just as valid, and just as difficult as carrying out processes that collect new or primary data. 4.1.2 The Challenges and the Achievements As alluded to a number of times throughout this dissertation there were a number of difficulties or challenges. The choice of the topic was in retrospect a good one because it focussed on a population group in a particular location, London, that had clearly received little research focus previously. While there has been substantial data gathered on drug use and abuse more generally in the UK and more generally across age ranges, very little has been done in relation to the 13 – 19 year old age group. In fact, it was this aspect that caused the greatest difficulty in completing the dissertation – the lack of resources and data available that were relevant to this age group, in London, for any kind of drug abuse other than newspaper articles that often used the issue of drug abuse in relation to crime, ethnic minorities or deprivation, meant that the data that was available had to be used carefully. For example, it was possible to obtain academic resources such as that of Di Forti et al, that looked at drug abuse, specifically, cannabis, in London, but only two years of respondents in that study (18 and 19 year olds) fit into this dissertation, whilst the study by McCardle (2004) provided relevance to the wider age group (15 – 24) but was not based in London, so could point to so me useful outcomes but did not have specific locational knowledge. In relation to the strategies developed to address the issue, again the resources of an academic nature were very limited, made even more challenging because the most recent strategies, i.e. those that had occurred in the past five years, have yet to undergo much academic analysis, but as they are a very different approach from those used a decade or so ago, there is little point in trying to evaluate those older approaches. Despite the difficulties outlined above, it was felt that there were a number of positives obtained from the research. As there was such a dearth of resources available, this dissertation appears to provide new research and new analysis of data for this group of the population in this location. As a result, the author felt that the validity of their choice of topic and their research approach was justified to some extent. In terms of time management, it was felt that the research was planned w ell, and even though the search for data and resources took longer than expected, it was still possible to incorporate the timing required into the overall research schedule. The research also challenged the overall beliefs and judgements held by the author at the start of the process. Whilst it was felt that some degree of knowledge was held about these issues, there were some preconceptions held about the type of teenagers that participated in drug abuse. The gathering of the data enabled the author to begin to challenge those preconceptions especially in relation to the factors that cause people of this age to start abusing drugs. This new understanding allowed the author to start to view the issues differently. 4.1.3 Changes Required There are a number of changes that could be implemented to make the research easier and to address the question of limited resources. Firstly, the age range would be extended to include children from the age of 0 years to 24 or 25 years, as th is would enable a greater number of data sources to be used, and they could be more easily analysed and extrapolation made for teenage years. Second, the inclusion of drug abuse by parents impacting on the health of their children would be included, as this issue has consistently emerged as a key problem for children and teenagers throughout the data collection, and can be a major factor in determining whether teenagers participate in drug use and abuse. Finally, although London would still be the locational focus, because a lot of data that is collected for London and the South-East, the locational boundaries would be stretched to incorporate this area within the research.   If these changes were put into place, it would be a positive exercise to undertake the research process again to see if it was possible to obtain data and achieve findings that were even more valuable than those already developed. 4.1.4 Applying the Gibb’s Model of Reflection Figure 2: Biggsâ€℠¢ Reflective Model Applied to This Research Having applied Gibbs’ model of reflection it is helpful to see that the reflection that is carried out in stages can lead to a targeted plan of action, which can form the framework for new research. Gibbs’ model does not necessarily allow for complexity, however, as it is a linear-cyclical model, and used in this way cannot represent the many complexities and variables that characterise the issue of drug abuse amongst teenagers. 4.2 Conclusions The research question that this dissertation set out to examine was: What patterns of drug abuse occur amongst teenagers in London, and what are the causes, health impacts and possible solutions? Despite the difficulties in obtaining specific data for teenagers aged 13 – 19 in London, there was sufficient information available to be able to provide an answer to this research question. From the prevalence perspective, the data showed that while the prevalence of drug abuse was decreasing overall, there were areas of London that had disproportionately higher levels, especially amongst specific ethnic groups. However, amongst all drug abusers, cannabis was the most used drug. The causes of drug abuse amongst teenagers was found to be a complex mixture of environmental, emotional, mental health and peer pressure related factors, meaning that addressing the problem is always going to be challenging for policy makers and healthcare providers. In relation to the health imp acts, the previous chapter has revealed that there is clear evidence that its use can be clearly associated with health outcomes of mental health including psychosis and the development of schizophrenia for drug abusers of any age. Not only that, but it is also quite apparent that teenagers engaging in drug abuse are much more likely to experience other health related problems because of their attitude to risk, and their participation in high-risk behaviours when they are under the influence of the drug. These other problems include contracting STIs, teenage pregnancy, the taking of other drugs and substances that have more severe health impacts, participating in criminal activities that can lead to violence in an attempt to obtain money to buy drugs and so on. Looking at the strategy that has most recently been developed to try and address the problem of teenage drug use in London, it is apparent that it has not succeeded in its aims, objectives or targets. This seems to be the result largely of the oppressive nature of all such strategies held by UK Governments over recent years – an attitude that views those with drug abuse and other problems, as ‘problem families’ that need to be ‘solved’, instead of trying to really understand what it is about society in general that leads to such families existing in the first place. A focus on social, economic and environmental issues rather than on the families themselves might result in a better outcome. 4.3 Recommendations Having carried out a review of the literature surrounding this issue, there are some key recommendations that can immediately be made. The first of these recommendations relates to the data available for this issue – as indicated previously, one of the challenges of completing this dissertation was the paucity of data relating to the specific population being studied. It is, therefore, recommended, that research studies, or government agencies collecting data, should target this age group specifically when data is being collected about drug use or abuse. An alternative to this is for researchers to obtain the raw data from the various data collection agencies and sources, and to extrapolate the data that crosses the boundaries of the targeted populations group, and reprocess that data for the target age group. The second recommendation relates not to the data, but to the issues. It appears that controlling the availability of drugs is difficult, especially as there are so ma ny types, and some, like cannabis, appear to be regularly available. As there seems to be an ongoing reduction in the number of young people using these illegal drugs, it would seem sensible to capitalise on this trend by providing better educational initiatives to inform people of the dangers to their health. It would also be appropriate to try and determine which factors were most likely to cause teenagers to start abusing drugs and to find ways of addressing these factors more effectively than has been the case to date. References Bonell, C., McKee, M., and Fletcher, A. (2016). Troubled Families, Troubled Policy making. BMJ, 355, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i5879. Di Forti, M., Marconi, A., Carra, E., Fraietta, S., Trotta, A., Bonomo, M., Bianconi, F., Gardner-Sood, P., O’Connor, J., Russo, M., Stilo, S.A., Marques, T.R., Mondelli, V., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C., David, A.S., Gaughran, F., Atakan, Z., Iyegbe, C., Powell, J., Morgan, C., Lynskey, M., and Murray, R.M. (2015). Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry, https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00117-5 Gibbs, G. (1998). Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning. London: FEU. Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall Lambert, M., and Crossley, S. (2017). ‘Getting with the (Troubled Families) Programme’: A Review. Social Policy and Society, 16(1), pp. 87 – 97. Leitch, R., and Day, C. (2000). Action Research and Reflective Practice: Towards a Holistic View. Educational Action Research, 8(1), pp. 179 – 193. McCardle, P. (2004). Substance Abuse by Children and Young People. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 89(8), pp.701 Park, J.Y., and Kastanis, L.S. (2009). Reflective learning through social network sites in design education. International Journal of Learning,16(8), 11-22. Park, J.Y., and Son, J.B. (2011). Expression and Connection: The Integration of the Reflective Learning Process and the Public Writing Process into Social Network Sites. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 7(1), pp. 1 – 6. White, P., Laxton, J., and Brooke, R. (2016). Reflection: Importance, Theory and Practice. Leeds: University of Leeds.

French Prepositions with Geographical Names

Deciding which French  preposition  to use with countries, cities, and other  geographical names  can be somewhat confusing, at least until now! This lesson will explain which prepositions to use and why. Gendered Nouns Like all French  nouns, geographical names like countries, states, and provinces have a  gender. Knowing the gender of each geographical name is the first step in determining which preposition to use. As a general guideline, geographical names which end in  e  are  feminine, while those that end in any other letter are masculine. There are, of course, exceptions which simply have to be memorized. See the individual lessons for explanations of the gender of each geographical name. Examples In English, we use three different prepositions with geographical names, depending on what we are trying to say. Je vais  en  FranceIm going  to  FranceJe suis  en  FranceIm  in  FranceJe suis  de  FranceIm  from  France However, in French numbers 1 and 2 take the  same  preposition. Whether you are going  to France or you are  in  France, the same preposition is used. Thus in French there are only two prepositions to choose from for each type of geographical name. The difficulty lies in knowing which preposition to use for a city vs a state vs a country.

Nature Responsible For Success Of Europe s Expansion

Cassandra DeSantiago Professor Vargas History 103-3186 24 May 2015 Nature Responsible for Success of Europe’s Expansion In today’s society, many people wonder why there are countless Caucasians living in different places around the world that are not Europe. The author of Ecological Imperialism: the Biological Expansion of Europe, Alfred W. Crosby, makes this question the main point in his book and thoroughly addresses his viewpoint as the answer. The places these people live are what Crosby likes to call, the Neo-Europes, â€Å"lands thousands of kilometers from Europe and from each other† but are lands that are conquered by the Europeans (Crosby 2). Crosby believes that the reason the Europeans were able to succeed and spread out across the†¦show more content†¦With the concepts of culture and adaptation came the start of the Old World Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolutions starts with the developing of better tools and the most important factors, the ability to produce more food and the domestication of animals. The Old World Neolithic Revolution was very significant because it showed that, not only the Europeans but other peoples as well, were able to learn how to use their agriculture and domesticated animals to their advantage and they were soon able to create civilizations, and advance their food making, labor, and technology. After the Europeans learned how to create civilizations, they were able to start colonizing in different places, but first before the talk of how the they were able to succeed, the question of how the Europeans were able to travel from place to place should be discussed. Crosby explains that â€Å"the births of the Neo-Europes had to wait for the sailors of Europe, who rarely ventured beyond the continental shelf, to become blue-water sailors† (Crosby 105). Sailing was a pretty new concept to the Europeans, and it was not something they particularly advanced in. Usually when the European sailors were not able to face harsh winds they would just give up and go back to their home land, but the Europeans that sailed through the Mediterranean figured out a new strategy. If unable to sail against the wind, they had to

Homer Watsons Horse And Rider Essay Example For Students

Homer Watsons Horse And Rider Essay Homer Watsons Horse and Rider In A Landscape Examining the formal qualities of Homer Watsons painting Horse and Rider In A Landscape was quite interesting. I chose to analyze this piece as apposed to the others because it was the piece I liked the least, therefore making me analyze it more closely and discover other aspects of the work, besides aesthetics. The texture of the canvas works very well with the subject matter portrayed in the painting. The grassy hill side and the leaves of the trees are especially complimented by the canvas. It makes the leaves feel like they are slightly moving, this combined with the lack of detail itself the leaves. This is contrasted nicely with the very detailed renderings of the trunks and branches of the trees, the conscious decision to put so much effort into the tree itself and then to use obvious brushwork in the leaves makes the trees much more firm and immovable in the landscape. The brushstrokes are very clean and precise on the trees in the background. There is a lot of repetition of the vertical lines of the forest in the background of the painting, these vertical lines draw the eye up into the clouds and the sky. These repeated vertical lines contrast harshly with a horizontal line that divides the canvas almost exactly in half. The background, upper portion of the canvas, is quite static and flat, whereas the foreground and middle ground of the painting have quite a lot of depth. This static effect is made up for in the immaculate amount of detail in the trees described earlier. The perspective lines in the fences and the road draws the viewer into the painting. Perspective lines occur also in the background of the painting in the upper right in the trees getting smaller as they descend into the painting. This painting is an example of linear perspective. All lines converge at a vanishing point. At first sight the house in the middle ground appears to be the destination of the rider, but the use of linear perspective suggests that something else is important beyond the house and the green hill. This painting appears to take place either at either dusk or dawn, when the sun is at the horizon. Likely it is dusk, as the setting appears to be in the Northern Hemisphere and the snow in the picture residing on the left hand side of fence would suggest it has yet to melt, so the sun would be setting in the west, or on the right. So the viewer, as well as the subject, is facing south. This affects the painting in several ways. The lighting is very dramatic, the middle ground being very much more lighted than the foreground and background, therefore the colors are more saturated than the foreground and background. Greens, browns and greys are used a lot in this piece and makes it very muddy. The house really does stand out against the painting because of the contrast of lighting. The piece is pretty balanced, it is more or less partitioned into four parts by the strong horizontal line in the middle and the road meeting with the edge of the forest vertically, the lighter areas in the top right and bottom left, the darker in the top left and bottom right areas of the painting. Lastly I think the frame of the work, it being a muted tint of yellowish green, added to the prevalence of the perception of the muddiness of the work. With a darker frame it may bring the highlights and color saturation from the lighting into more predominance.